![]() The discovery of the ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths below 200 nm, named "vacuum ultraviolet" because it is strongly absorbed by the oxygen in air, was made in 1893 by German physicist Victor Schumann. In 1960, the effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA was established. By 1903, the most effective wavelengths were known to be around 250 nm. In 1878, the sterilizing effect of short-wavelength light by killing bacteria was discovered. The terms "chemical rays" and "heat rays" were eventually dropped in favor of ultraviolet and infrared radiation, respectively. The simpler term "chemical rays" was adopted soon afterwards, and remained popular throughout the 19th century, although some said that this radiation was entirely different from light (notably John William Draper, who named them "tithonic rays" ). He called them "(de-)oxidizing rays" ( German: de-oxidierende Strahlen) to emphasize chemical reactivity and to distinguish them from " heat rays", discovered the previous year at the other end of the visible spectrum. UV radiation was discovered in 1801 when the German physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter observed that invisible rays just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum darkened silver chloride-soaked paper more quickly than violet light itself. Ultraviolet has a higher frequency (thus a shorter wavelength) than violet light. "Ultraviolet" means "beyond violet" (from Latin ultra, "beyond"), violet being the color of the highest frequencies of visible light. Insects, birds, and some mammals can see near-UV (NUV) (i.e., slightly shorter wavelengths than what humans can see). The lower wavelength limit of human vision is conventionally taken as 400 nm, so ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans, although people can sometimes perceive light at shorter wavelengths than this. The UV spectrum, thus, has effects both beneficial and harmful to life. However, ultraviolet light (specifically, UVB) is also responsible for the formation of vitamin D in most land vertebrates, including humans. More energetic, shorter-wavelength "extreme" UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground. The amount of UV light produced by the Sun means that the Earth would not be able to sustain life on dry land if most of that light were not filtered out by the atmosphere. For humans, suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of exposure of the skin to UV light, along with an increased risk of skin cancer. Short-wave ultraviolet light damages DNA and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact. These interactions can involve absorption or adjusting energy states in molecules, but do not necessarily involve heating. ![]() Many practical applications, including chemical and biological effects, derive from the way that UV radiation can interact with organic molecules. Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms, it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce. It is also produced by electric arcs, Cherenkov radiation, and specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. Ultraviolet ( UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. Arc welders must wear eye protection and cover their skin to prevent photokeratitis and serious sunburn. UV radiation is also produced by electric arcs.
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Here are some of the most frequent questions we get from consumers. When budgeting, remember to factor in additional expenses such as the price of underlayment, disposal fees, and transportation costs. We hope this article has answered your questions on the cost of installing plastic roof tiles. Fortunately, plastic tiles are an inexpensive option that is virtually indistinguishable from the real thing. ConclusionĬonventional tiles like clay, concrete, and slate can be quite expensive to buy and install. And that’s why no two installers will charge the same. They need to pay for advertising and promotions, training, fuel, insurance, taxes, and much more.Īll these expenses are what constitute operation costs. Contractor’s Operating CostĮach contractor spends money to keep the business afloat. Installers will undoubtedly charge higher for taking the risk. Also, it is more dangerous to work on a tall roof or steep slope. If it is complex, the project will take longer, thus increasing labor costs.įor instance, it will take longer to install tiles if there are facets at multiple angles and many hips and valleys. The style of the roof will also determine how long the installation process will take. ![]() Secondly, contractors will charge according to the size of the roof since this will have a bearing on the installation time. You can estimate how much you will pay for the materials by estimating the size of your roof. First, it will influence the amount of materials needed since manufacturers sell tiles in square footage. The size of the roof will affect the cost in two ways. Sizeable penetrations take longer to flash and will raise the installation costs significantly. That will result in added costs.Įxamples of penetrations include plumbing vents, chimneys, skylights, and bathroom vents. Therefore, they require flashing to remain waterproof. Penetrations on the roof are potential leakage spots. Additionally, the project could drag out if the distance from the building to the location of the materials is too long. The landscaping around the house could also be an obstruction. Tree branches and power lines are some of the things that could obstruct roof access. The installers will no doubt raise the cost to compensate for the lost time. But if they can’t access it with ease, the installation will take more time than expected. AccessibilityĪn easily accessible roof will make it easier for the contractors to do their job. For instance, you should expect to make frequent repairs if you live in an icy region. ![]() So, repair costs will vary depending on how extreme the weather conditions are. Moreover, the amount spent obtaining permits and licenses will be different in every state.Īdditionally, different regions will not experience the same climatic conditions. For one, labor costs will vary depending on where you live. ![]() The cost of installing a plastic tile roof will differ from one location to another. The prices outlined above may vary depending on a variety of factors. ![]() Factors That Affect the Cost of Plastic Roof Tiles Synthetic options are cheaper to repair, and they should cost you around $450 on average. On average, you should expect to pay $1,673. Tile repair costs will vary depending on the nature and extent of the damage. What is the Cost of Repairing a Plastic Tile Roof? You should expect to fork out between $2 and $3, depending on the type of material. Therefore, you should factor in the cost of installing it. Underlayment is a crucial component of the roof that you cannot afford to ignore. Sheriff of Nottingham is the first game in the Dice Tower Essentials Line from Arcane Wonders. The banker keeps the rest of the Gold close at hand so he can make change during the game. The banker gives each player (including himself) 50 Gold. The Sheriff must then determine who gets into the city with their goods, who gets inspected, and who may have their goods confiscated!ĭo you have what it takes to be seen as an honest merchant? Will you make a deal with the Sheriff to let you in? Or will you persuade the Sheriff to target another player while you quietly slip by the gate? Declare your goods, negotiate deals, and be on the lookout for the Sheriff of Nottingham! Choose one player to act as the 'banker'. ![]() Players declare goods they wish to bring into the city, goods that are secretly stored in their burlap sack. However, be aware that the volatility in this environment is high, so you should only anticipate. The Return to Player percentage of The Sheriff of Nottingham is 96, just in the middle of the range for online slot machines. The RTP of the slot is average 96, but the volatility is at a high level. In Sheriff of Nottingham, players will not only be able to experience Nottingham as a merchant of the city, but each turn one player will step into the shoes of the Sheriff himself. Sheriff of Nottingham RTP and Volatility. ![]() Should you play it safe with legal goods and make a profit, or risk it all by sneaking in illicit goods? Be mindful, though, as the Sheriff always has his eyes out for liars and tricksters and if he catches one, he very well may confiscate those goods for himself! ![]() However, players must first get their goods through the city gate, which is under the watch of the Sheriff of Nottingham. Prince John is coming to Nottingham! Players, in the role of merchants, see this as an opportunity to make quick profits by selling goods in the bustling city during the Prince's visit. ![]() In the downstairs second living room’s TV areaĭaytime’ and ice in single malt whiskey at nightĪnd things just aren’t built like they used to be Mother is juicing watermelons on the breakfast islandĪnd with frail hands she grips the NutriBullet She buys everything that glows gold in the kitchen larder I lose myself in the light of the TV, courtesy of her father She steams herself in marble rooms, courtesy of Big Pharma To the best new six-part Danish crime drama ![]() The lyrics are sometimes concerned with symbols of wealth or affluence but they are not written from a critical or even external position.” Listen above and check out the lyrics below.I had to include these!! “The song was intended to be highly inspirational. ![]() Speaking of the song front man Isaac Wood explained how, “It describes a series of events, loosely connected, all yet to happen,” says frontman Isaac Wood. Their second single was released on London label, Blank Editions and, in all of its dynamic glory, provides just under nine minutes of punchy, post-punk, post-rock, zany mayhem! Musically, Sunglasses protrudes with shape-shifting flair, ranging from gentle solace into disharmony as it grows and evolves into a song you wouldn’t quite anticipate judging by the way it starts! Lyrics are wild and engrossing, twists are unexpected and rousing, whilst the vocal delivery is utterly masterful and truly spirited! It’s a metamorphosis of sounds and the skilled transition over this nine minutes presents itself in a feast of compelling textures! Love this! I thought I had discovered a new band last night when I heard today’s song playing on the radio until I was told, “No, we were listening to this ages ago!”….so, apparently this band have been under my radar since last year, but I reconnected with them again last night!īlack Country, New Road are a 6-piece group who (mostly) originate from my neck of the woods:Cambridge,UK! Consisting of Charlie (Drums), Georgia (Violin), Isaac (Guitars / Vocals), Lewis (Saxophone), May (Synthesiser) and Tyler (Bass), this alt-rock collective have released two singles to date, but have an album on its way this Summer I believe! With influences including Shellac, Oxbow and Georgia’s experiences in Klezmer groups, the band created a buzz from the minute they released their debut single! Athens, France sold out of its pressing on Speedy Wunderground in just days and a lot of their early popularity is a direct result of their crazy live shows!! ![]() David Dodick, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona and chairman of the American Migraine Foundation, echoing what other doctors around the country told Reuters about strong demand for the injection. “Patients are coming out of the woodwork now to get this new medication,” said Dr. After that, people with commercial insurance can get up to 12 months free while their coverage is sorted out. In the meantime, Amgen is trying to increase Aimovig prescriptions by giving all new patients two free 30-day samples. The FDA is slated to decide in September on new drug applications from Lilly and Teva. Headache specialists say the new therapy should help validate migraine - a predominantly female disorder - as a debilitating disease with biological causes.įour other companies - Eli Lilly & Co, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Allergan and Alder Biopharmaceuticals - are all working on potential rivals. In May, Amgen and Novartis were the first to win approval for the new type of migraine drug designed to interfere with a chemical involved in processes that kick off the severe headaches. Current migraine treatments are inexpensive generics or over-the-counter pills that might have side effects, or provide only partial relief for many patients. In the wake of public pressure from President Donald Trump, drugmakers including Pfizer Inc, Merck & Co Inc and Novartis have in recent weeks rolled back planned list price hikes, or pledged to refrain from raising prices.Īmgen, which will report quarterly results on Thursday, is relying on new medicines like Aimovig to offset declining sales of older products beginning to face competition from biosimilar versions.Īimovig has been shown to significantly reduce migraine frequency in about half of patients. ![]() New medicines are expected to triple the migraine market to $8 billion a year, mostly paid for by employers and the government. The migraine injection from Amgen, with partner Novartis AG, is the newest front in the battle by payors to control costs amid high patient demand for pricey new drugs. Kansas has none at all, although there are three in the Missouri side of Kansas City. Florida and Pennsylvania, for example, each have a couple dozen, mostly in or near cities. neurologists have such certification, and they are spread unevenly around the country. ![]() Plans including Blue Cross/Blue Shield in Florida, Pennsylvania and Kansas confirmed with Reuters that they will only cover prescriptions from - or in consultation with - a neurologist or headache specialist, and specifically a member of the United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties. Courtesy Amgen Inc./Handout via REUTERSīracing for a flood of costly prescription claims for the drug, Aimovig, large insurers such as Anthem Inc have set requirements for patients to document how they suffer from a defined number of headaches each month, and show that they have tried older migraine drugs first. Amgen Inc's headquarters building is seen in Thousand Oaks, California, U.S., in 2016 released July 24, 2018. A TSB might also be under warranty coverage, which means the vehicle manufacturer might indicate a specific period for its repair. TSBs are voluntary repairs and might not even apply to your vehicle if you haven't experienced the issue it covers. If any issue covered in a TSB turns out to be a safety concern, then the automaker will issue a full recall for the affected VINs. There can be multiple TSBs for the make and model of the vehicle throughout its lifetime if various issues arise. The solution might be a new part, a specific adjustment or other repair procedure. Once the issue is identified, a procedure will be developed to fix the problem. Recall issues might be discovered by NHTSA or by the automakers themselves.Īs service departments see a common issue with a specific make and model, they may report it to the automaker, who will then take a closer look. They can then take their vehicle into a branded dealership and have the problem fixed for free.Īny dealership that sells the brand affected by the recall must perform indicated repairs before selling the vehicles. In a recall situation, notices are arranged by the VIN and sent out to car owners alerting them of the problem. ![]() When a vehicle has been recalled, automakers are required by law to notify the current owner and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration with a TSB, automakers must notify NHTSA but not car owners. In other words, these are problems that can lead to significant injury or death. The main difference is that a recall is issued by a vehicle manufacturer for issues that are safety-related, while a TSB covers components that may be malfunctioning but don't compromise the safety of the vehicle.įor example, an issue addressed in a recall might be related to things like engine fires, unintended acceleration or braking problems. Sometimes a TSB is confused with a recall. What's The Difference Between a TSB and a Recall? Sometimes there is more than one TSB for the same issue. Occasionally the bulletins are written by automotive OEM engineers, but more often they are written by the first repair tech to discover the repair procedure. ![]() Simply put, the TSB abbreviation relates to a diagnostic procedure for repairing a vehicle. It can be a shortened way to say "technical support branch," "total serum bilirubin," "targeted small business," or "Transportation Safety Board," or it might be a trending abbreviated internet slang term for "true story bro." But for all of the car enthusiasts reading today, TSB means, for our purposes at least, "technical service bulletin." This acronym refers to a bulletin issued by automakers when certain problems and defects are reported by repair shops or car owners. The meaning of TSB depends on the context in which it is used. There was the disappointment of the appeal of his suspension, which turned out to be 162 games-or the equivalent of the 2014 seasonand the loss of $25 million in salary. “I’m a pretty optimistic person but I don’t think the most optimistic person in the world could have predicted that I would have had these incredible opportunities in front of me.” ![]() Even in a society that revels in redemption stories and loves to bestow second, third, even fourth chances, could anyone possibly have foreseen such a rebrand? His climb from the depths of that steroid scandal to the prestige of the SNB booth might rank among the greatest comebacks in baseball history and recent pop culture history. Suddenly, the world is safe for A-Rod again. I think he started to see that it was still possible for him to make good.”īut neither Rodriguez nor Berkowitz-nor Rob Manfred, who had run baseball’s prosecution of A-Rod and succeeded Selig as commissioner, nor Hal Steinbrenner, the Yankees owner who still had $64 million worth of checks to write for a player who had accused his team doctor of malpractice, nor Brian Cashman, the GM who a few months earlier admitted he was afraid to talk to his own DH for fear of getting sued-could ever have predicted how good. “And I think it was an eye-opener for Alex, too. “At that moment I thought, ‘Maybe this isn’t going to be as bad as we thought,’’’ Berkowitz says. “Sitting with us, hanging out and wearing a ’Canes shirt. “But I give you all the credit in the world for coming up here into enemy territory,’’ the kid proclaimed. “I hate the Yankees and I hate the ’Canes,’’ he said, as Berkowitz, and presumably Rodriguez, inhaled and braced for the worst. And his speech did not start out promisingly. Somehow, the kid made his way to Rodriguez’s table, and got right into A-Rod’s face. This is going to be a fucking disaster.’ It was like the culmination of how bad all this was going to be.” I mean, our two biggest enemies, so to speak. “He’s wearing a Florida State jersey and a Red Sox hat. “All of a sudden this kid starts walking over to us,’’ Berkowitz says. And of course, to spend some time pre-game among hard-drinking ’Noles fans in a bar across from Doak Campbell Stadium. A-Rod, being A-Rod, chose to attend the game in full ’Canes regalia. That weekend, the two decided to travel north to Tallahassee, for a football game between Rodriguez’ beloved Miami Hurricanes and the archrival Florida State Seminoles. “I wanted him to go to a place where people wouldn’t be as angry,” recalls Ron Berkowitz, who had signed on as Rodriguez’s publicist earlier that year and quickly became a friend and confidant. He was whacked with an unprecedented 211-game suspension by then commissioner Bud Selig.įor A-Rod, who was born in New York City but grew up in Miami, there was only one sane thing to do: head to South Florida, where the climate would presumably be warmer toward him. ![]() The Yankees third baseman had been implicated in the Biogenesis scandal, found guilty of taking performance enhancing drugs-again!-without having officially failed a drug test. The baseball season had been over for a month but, for Alex Rodriguez, the drama was only beginning. I love you the most.” – UnknownĮxpress your love in an unforgettable way with a personalized pillow made just for her. I love you more than the distance between us, I love you more than any obstacle that could try and come between us. I mean I love you more than the bad days ahead of us, I love you more than any fight we will ever have. “When I say I love you more, I don’t mean I love you more than you love me.“I need you like a heart needs a beat.” – One Republic.Being with you keeps me alive.” – Unknown “I’ll be loving you, always with a love that’s true” – Patsy Cline.In all the world, there is no love for you like mine.” – Maya Angelou “In all the world, there is no heart for me like yours.“The real lover is a man who can thrill you by kissing your forehead or smiling into your eyes or just staring into space.” – Marilyn Monroe.I love you for the part of me that you bring out.” – Elizabeth Barrett Browning ![]() I love you not only for what you have made of yourself, but for what you are making of me.
The adventures of Amos 'n Andy presented the antics of Amos Jones, an Uncle Tom-like, conservative Andy Brown, his zany business associate Kingfish Stevens, a scheming smoothie Lawyer Calhoun, an underhanded crook that no one trusted Lightnin,' a slow-moving janitor Sapphire Stevens, a nosey, loud-mouth Mama, a domineering mother-in-law, and the infamous Madame Queen. It was the first television series with an all-black cast (the only one of its kind to appear on prime-time, network television for nearly another twenty years). ![]() The position of the Amos 'n Andy show in television history is still debated by media scholars in recent books on the cultural history of American television.Īmos 'n Andy was first broadcast on CBS television in June 1951, and lasted some two years before the program was canceled in the midst of growing protest by the black community in 1953. The significance of Amos 'n Andy, with its almost thirty year history as a highly successful radio show, its brief, contentious years on network television, its banishment from prime-time and subsequent years in syndication, and its reappearance in video cassette format is difficult to summarize in a few paragraphs. Amos 'n' Andy was conceived by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, two white actors who portrayed the characters Amos Jones and Andy Brown by mimicking so-called Negro dialect. ![]() Like many of its early television counterparts, the Amos 'n' Andy television program was a direct descendent of the radio show that originated on WMAQ in Chicago on 19 March 1928, and eventually became the longest-running radio program in broadcast history. Illustrator can place files of any format that it can open, with theexception of the Illustrator (AI) format. The Illustrator document's size increases by the size of the placedartwork. The advantage is that the placed artwork becomes part of yourIllustrator document, and it doesn't have a link that can be accidentallybroken. You are not notified of any changesto the original artwork, and the only way to update the embedded image is toreplace it. When you embed an image, a copy of the artwork isincorporated into your Illustrator document. The Save As command (and Save the first time it is used) allowsyou the option of including linked files.Įmbedding is the other way to include artwork from another file in anIllustrator document. If you were, for example, to send out your image on diskwithout including a copy of the linked file, the linked artwork would not beavailable to anyone opening your image from the diska warning dialog boxwould appear. Keep in mind, though, that your image must always be able to findthe external artwork. ![]() Illustrator notifies you if any changes have been made tothe original. This is somewhat similar to a hyperlink for the Web onlya pointer is placed in your illustration, and the external image is loaded whenyour file is opened. A linked image remains separate from the documentto which it is linked. One of the two ways that you can place artwork in an Illustrator documentfrom another file is linking. Selecting a specific format can make it easier to find the file you need.įigure 3.34 This is the Show pop-up menu from Illustrator CS's Open dialog box. ![]() (Keep in mind that not all features of all formats are preserved in Illustrator.) The default (All Readable Documents) shows all files Illustrator can open. Illustrator CS can open files in more than two dozen formats, in more than 50 different versions. The Export command offers 15 additional file formats, includingAI and EPS, compatible with earlier versions of Illustrator. ![]() Illustrator uses the Save As command to create AI (Illustrator), EPS, PDF,and SVG files. Learn More Buy Illustrator's File Formats Special Edition Using Photoshop CS and Illustrator CS |
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